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Science

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Overview

Students explore how scientists modify the DNA of organisms and the wide range of applications — from medicine to agriculture — that result from these techniques.

Learning Objective
Students understand how genetic engineering works and can evaluate the ethical and scientific implications of biotechnology applications.

Resources needed

  • None

Lesson stages

0 / 7 done
  1. 1 Ask: what if you could take a gene from one organism and put it into another? What might be possible?
  2. 2 Introduce genetic engineering: the deliberate modification of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
  3. 3 Describe the basic process: identify the desired gene, cut it out using restriction enzymes, insert it into a vector (usually a bacterial plasmid), introduce the vector into the target organism.
  4. 4 Medical application: human insulin gene inserted into bacteria — bacteria produce human insulin at scale. Before 1982, diabetics used animal insulin.
  5. 5 Agricultural application: Bt crops — a bacterial gene that produces an insect toxin is inserted into crop plants. The crops produce their own pesticide.
  6. 6 Introduce CRISPR-Cas9: a newer, more precise gene editing tool. Like molecular scissors that can cut and replace specific DNA sequences.
  7. 7 Discuss ethical issues: who owns genetically modified organisms? Are there risks? Who benefits?

Tap a step to mark it as done.

Variations

  • Debate: should genetic engineering of humans be allowed? Where should the line be drawn?
  • Research a specific GMO and evaluate its benefits and risks.
  • Discuss gene therapy: using genetic engineering to treat genetic diseases.
More information

Teach: genetic engineering, restriction enzyme, plasmid, vector, GMO, CRISPR, gene therapy. The plasmid-as-vector analogy — a plasmid is like a delivery vehicle that carries the gene into the target organism — is the most useful simplification.

Focus on the basic process of gene insertion and the insulin example before introducing CRISPR and ethical debates.

Can students describe the basic steps of genetic engineering? Can they evaluate one application of genetic engineering, including both scientific benefits and ethical concerns?

No resources needed. This is a conceptual and discussion-based lesson requiring no materials.

Students often think all GMOs are dangerous or that all genetic modification is the same. Genetic engineering ranges from bacteria producing medicines (widely accepted) to herbicide-resistant crops (more controversial) — the technology is not inherently good or bad.

Biotechnology is one of the fastest-growing areas of applied science. CRISPR has revolutionised genetic research and holds enormous potential for treating genetic diseases, improving crops, and even combating climate change.