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Science

Plant Hormones

Overview

Students explore how plants respond to their environment without a nervous system, discovering the chemical signalling systems that coordinate plant growth and development.

Learning Objective
Students understand how plant hormones coordinate plant responses to stimuli and can explain phototropism and gravitropism in terms of auxin distribution.

Resources needed

  • None — or seedlings for a demonstration

Lesson stages

0 / 7 done
  1. 1 Ask: how does a plant 'know' which direction to grow? It has no brain or nervous system.
  2. 2 Introduce plant hormones: chemical messengers produced in one part of the plant that affect another part.
  3. 3 Introduce auxin: a hormone produced at the shoot tip that promotes cell elongation.
  4. 4 Explain phototropism: auxin moves to the shaded side of a shoot. Cells there elongate more. The shoot bends toward the light.
  5. 5 Explain gravitropism: in roots, auxin accumulates on the lower side. At high concentrations, auxin inhibits root cell growth. The upper side grows more, bending the root downward.
  6. 6 Note: auxin promotes growth in shoots but inhibits growth in roots at the same concentration — different tissues respond differently.
  7. 7 Introduce other plant hormones: gibberellins (promote stem growth and seed germination), cytokinins (promote cell division), ethylene (ripening fruit), abscisic acid (dormancy, closing stomata in drought).

Tap a step to mark it as done.

Variations

  • Investigate phototropism: grow seedlings in a box with a hole on one side — observe bending toward light.
  • Test the effect of removing the shoot tip — does the plant still show phototropism?
  • Discuss agricultural applications: auxins used as herbicides (kill weeds by overstimulating growth), rooting powder for cuttings.
More information

Teach: auxin, phototropism, gravitropism, hormone, stimulus, response, elongation, germination. The key asymmetry — auxin promotes growth in shoots but inhibits it in roots — is the conceptual challenge that explains both phototropism and gravitropism.

Focus on auxin and phototropism before introducing gravitropism and other hormones.

Can students explain phototropism in terms of auxin distribution and differential cell elongation? Can they explain why the same hormone has opposite effects in shoots and roots?

Growing seedlings in a box with a small hole demonstrates phototropism freely using sunlight and any available seeds. No specialist equipment needed.

Students often think plants grow toward light because they need it — this is correct but not the mechanism. The mechanism is asymmetric auxin distribution causing differential growth. Understanding the mechanism distinguishes biological explanation from functional description.

Plant hormones have major agricultural applications — from rooting powder to weed killers to fruit ripening agents. Understanding them connects plant biology to food production and horticulture.