Great Thinkers

Meet the great minds whose ideas have shaped the world — philosophers, scientists, artists, leaders, and revolutionaries whose thinking still matters today.

Filter by subject area
Biology 1 Chemistry 4 Physics 2 Mathematics 6 Medicine & Health 4 Technology & Engineering 3 Psychology 1
Philosophy 46 History 9 Literature 51 Language & Linguistics 2 Arts 6
Anthropology & Culture 5 Sociology 7 Religion 16 Education 7 Politics 18
Law 11 Economics 17 Business & Management 7
223 thinkers
Clear all filters
Ethical thinking × Page 6 of 10
Politics
Marcus Aurelius
121-180 CE · Rome, Roman Empire
Marcus Aurelius (121-180 CE) was Roman Emperor from 161 until his death in 180 CE, and one of the most important philosophers in the Stoic…
Self regulation Resilience Ethical thinking Metacognition +1
"You have power over your mind, not outside events. Realise this, and you will find strength."
Meet this Thinker →
Anthropology & Culture
Margaret Mead
1901-1978 · United States
Margaret Mead (1901-1978) was an American cultural anthropologist who became the most publicly prominent and widely read anthropologist of the twentieth century. She was born…
Critical thinking Research skills Cultural heritage and identity Scientific thinking +1
"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it is the only thing…"
Meet this Thinker →
Education
Maria Montessori
1870-1952 · Italy
Maria Montessori (1870-1952) was an Italian educator and doctor whose method of teaching young children has spread to thousands of schools around the world. She…
Scientific thinking Ethical thinking Research skills Creative expression +1
"Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed."
Meet this Thinker →
Economics
Mariana Mazzucato
born 1968 · Italy / United States
Mariana Mazzucato is an economist. She was born in Rome, Italy, in 1968. Her father was a physicist, and when she was a child the…
Critical thinking Problem solving Research skills Creative expression +1
"History tells us that innovation is an outcome of a massive collective effort, not just from a narrow group of…"
Meet this Thinker →
Philosophy
Martha Nussbaum
1947-present · United States
Martha Craven Nussbaum is an American philosopher. She is one of the most influential and widely read philosophers of the past fifty years. She was…
Ethical thinking Critical thinking Emotional intelligence Cultural heritage and identity +1
"The best approach to the question of social justice is the capabilities approach: what are people actually able to do…"
Meet this Thinker →
Religion
Martin Luther
1483-1546 · Germany (Lutheran / Protestant Reformer)
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a German friar, theologian, and biblical scholar whose objections to Catholic practice became the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation — a…
Critical thinking Ethical thinking Cultural heritage and identity Creative expression +1
"Here I stand; I can do no other."
Meet this Thinker →
Philosophy
Mary Anning
1799-1847 · England
Mary Anning (1799-1847) was an English fossil collector and self-taught palaeontologist whose discoveries on the cliffs of Lyme Regis in Dorset transformed scientific understanding of…
Scientific thinking Research skills Critical thinking Cultural heritage and identity +1
"The world has used me so unkindly, I fear it has made me suspicious of everyone."
Meet this Thinker →
Philosophy
Mary Midgley
1919 - 2018 · United Kingdom
Mary Midgley was a British moral philosopher. She is one of the most original ethical thinkers of the 20th century. She is best known for…
Ethical thinking Critical thinking Scientific thinking Creative expression +1
"Philosophy is like plumbing. It is something nobody notices until it goes wrong."
Meet this Thinker →
Politics
Mary Parker Follett
1868-1933 · United States
Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933) was an American political philosopher and management thinker whose ideas about authority, conflict, and organisation anticipated much of the later twentieth…
Critical thinking Ethical thinking Cultural heritage and identity Creative expression +1
"Power is with, not power over."
Meet this Thinker →
Literature
Mary Shelley
1797-1851 · England
Mary Shelley (1797-1851) was an English novelist whose Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, written when she was eighteen years old, is widely regarded as the…
Creative expression Ethical thinking Critical thinking Scientific thinking +1
"Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge."
Meet this Thinker →
Philosophy
María Lugones
1944-2020 · Argentina / United States
María Lugones (1944-2020) was an Argentine-American philosopher. She was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and moved to the United States as a young woman, where…
Cultural heritage and identity Relationships and communication Ethical thinking Citizenship +1
"I am a being in multiple worlds and I travel among them, feeling at ease in some of them, not…"
Meet this Thinker →
Literature
Matsuo Bashō
1644-1694 · Japan
Matsuo Bashō was a Japanese poet of the Edo period, widely regarded as the greatest master of haiku and one of the foundational figures in…
Creative expression Cultural heritage and identity Emotional intelligence Ethical thinking +1
"An old pond— / a frog jumps in: / the sound of water."
Meet this Thinker →
Sociology
Max Weber
1864-1920 · Germany
Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist who wrote about religion, politics, economics, and the nature of modern society. He was born in Erfurt, in…
Critical thinking Scientific thinking Research skills Ethical thinking +1
"The fate of our times is characterised by rationalisation and intellectualisation, and, above all, by the disenchantment of the world."
Meet this Thinker →
Literature
Maya Angelou
1928-2014 · United States
Maya Angelou (1928-2014) was an American poet, memoirist, essayist, and public figure whose seven-volume autobiography and body of poetry made her one of the most…
Creative expression Ethical thinking Critical thinking Cultural heritage and identity +1
"I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget…"
Meet this Thinker →
Philosophy
Mencius
c. 371-289 BCE · China
Mencius was a Chinese philosopher. His Chinese name was Meng Ke, which means 'Master Meng'. Later Chinese tradition called him the 'Second Sage', meaning second…
Ethical thinking Critical thinking Emotional intelligence Cultural heritage and identity +1
"The feeling of pity is the beginning of kindness. The feeling of shame is the beginning of doing right. The…"
Meet this Thinker →
Literature
Mia Couto
1955-present · Mozambique
Mia Couto is a Mozambican novelist, poet, and biologist, the most internationally recognised living Mozambican writer. He was born António Emílio Leite Couto in 1955…
Creative expression Cultural heritage and identity Ethical thinking Critical thinking +1
"I am not the writer of the country. I am the country writing itself through me."
Meet this Thinker →
Economics
Michael Porter
b. 1947 · United States
Michael Eugene Porter (born 1947) is an American academic whose work on competitive strategy, national competitiveness, and the economic analysis of healthcare and social problems…
Critical thinking Scientific thinking Research skills Problem solving +1
"The essence of strategy is choosing what not to do."
Meet this Thinker →
Philosophy
Michel Foucault
1926-1984 · France
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher and historian. He was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. He was born on 15…
Critical thinking Research skills Ethical thinking Cultural heritage and identity +1
"Where there is power, there is resistance."
Meet this Thinker →
Literature
Michel de Montaigne
1533-1592 · France
Michel de Montaigne was a French nobleman and writer who invented the modern essay. He was born in 1533 at the Château de Montaigne in…
Critical thinking Ethical thinking Creative expression Emotional intelligence +1
"What do I know?"
Meet this Thinker →
Politics
Millicent Fawcett
1847-1929 · United Kingdom
Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett was an English political activist and writer. She led the largest peaceful campaign for British women's right to vote for over…
Ethical thinking Critical thinking Problem solving Cultural heritage and identity +1
"Courage calls to courage everywhere, and its voice cannot be denied."
Meet this Thinker →
Economics
Milton Friedman
1912-2006 · United States
Milton Friedman was an American economist. He was born in New York City in 1912 and died in 2006. His parents were poor immigrants from…
Critical thinking Ethical thinking Problem solving Research skills +1
"There is no such thing as a free lunch."
Meet this Thinker →
Literature
Mirabai
c. 1498-c. 1547 · India (Rajasthan)
Mirabai was a sixteenth-century Indian poet and saint. She is one of the most loved figures in the bhakti movement, a Hindu devotional tradition that…
Creative expression Ethical thinking Cultural heritage and identity Emotional intelligence +1
"Mira's lord is the clever Mountain Lifter; she is his slave forever, at the dust of his lotus feet."
Meet this Thinker →
Philosophy
Mogobe Ramose
1944-present · South Africa, Southern Africa
Mogobe Ramose (born 1944) is a South African philosopher. He was born in the North West Province of South Africa and grew up under the…
Ethical thinking Citizenship Cultural heritage and identity Leadership +1
"Ubuntu is the basis of African philosophy. The Nguni Bantu expression umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu means that to be human is…"
Meet this Thinker →
Literature
Moisés Naím
born 1952 · Venezuela
Moisés Naím is a writer, political analyst, and journalist. He was born in 1952 in Tripoli, in Libya, into a Jewish family that later moved…
Critical thinking Creative expression Ethical thinking Research skills +1
"Power is becoming easier to get, harder to use, and easier to lose."
Meet this Thinker →