Grammar for Teachers

Build your grammar knowledge — and learn how to teach it more effectively. Practical masterclasses for English teachers, in any classroom.

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142 masterclasses
Nouns
A Few, A Little, Few, Little: Quantity with Attitude
A few, a little, few, and little are four closely related quantifiers that cause persistent confusion — not…
Basic
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Passive Voice
Active Versus Passive: When and Why to Choose
The most common mistake in teaching the passive is presenting it as a neutral grammatical option — as…
Intermediate
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Adjective + Preposition Collocations
Many adjectives in English are followed by a fixed preposition when combined with a noun or -ing form…
Intermediate
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Adjective Order: Why Some Combinations Sound Wrong
English speakers follow a strict instinctive order when placing multiple adjectives before a noun — and when this…
Basic
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Adjectives in Formal Writing: Compound Adjectives, Nominalisations, and Post-Modification
In formal and academic writing, adjectives operate in ways that go beyond simple pre-noun modification. Compound adjectives (well-established,…
Advanced
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Verbs
Adverb Clauses: Because, Although, When, So That, Unless
An adverb clause is a group of words that does the job of an adverb — it modifies…
Advanced
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Verbs
Adverbs of Degree: Very, Quite, Rather, and Extremely
Adverbs of degree add precision and nuance to language — they tell us how much, how intensely, or…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Adverbs of Time and Place: Yesterday, Soon, Here, Nearby
Adverbs of time and place are among the most frequently used words in English, yet they cause persistent…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Adverbs or Adjectives? Avoiding the Most Common Confusion
The confusion between adjectives and adverbs is one of the most persistent grammar problems in learner English, and…
Intermediate
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Relative Clauses
All, Both, Half: Whole-Group Determiners
All, both, and half are determiners that refer to whole groups or quantities — all of something, both…
Intermediate
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Articles
Articles: Abstract Nouns, Relative Clauses, and Advanced Patterns
This is the final session in the articles series. You have built a complete picture of the core…
Advanced
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Articles
Articles: Discourse, World Englishes, and the Full Picture
This is the final session in the articles series — and the one that matters most for teachers…
Advanced
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Articles
Articles: Generic Reference, Inventions, and Idiomatic Patterns
This is the fourth and most nuanced session on articles. You have already mastered the core rules, place…
Intermediate
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Articles
Articles: Proper Nouns, Unique Nouns, and Fixed Phrases
You have already explored the core logic of a, an, the, and zero article. This session goes further…
Basic
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Articles
Articles: Shared Knowledge, Roles, and Trickier Patterns
You have already mastered the core article rules and the patterns with place names, superlatives, and fixed phrases.…
Intermediate
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Articles
Articles: a, an, the — and when to use nothing
Articles are one of the hardest parts of English for most learners — and one of the hardest…
Basic
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Attributive and Predicative Adjectives
Most English adjectives can appear in two positions: directly before the noun (attributive position — a tired teacher)…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Basic Negation: Not, Don't, Doesn't, Didn't, Isn't
Forming a negative sentence in English requires more than simply adding 'not' — the word 'not' must attach…
Basic
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Prepositions
By, With, In, Through: Prepositions of Manner and Means
When English describes how something is done — the means, method, instrument, or medium — it uses a…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Cohesion and Reference: How Good Writing Holds Together
Cohesion is what makes a text feel like a text rather than a list of unconnected sentences. It…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Collective Nouns and Group Agreement
Collective nouns — team, staff, class, government, committee, family, audience, crowd — present one of the most consistently…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Comparative Adverbs: More Carefully, Faster, Less Often
Comparative adverbs allow speakers and writers to make comparisons about how actions are performed — 'She explains more…
Advanced
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
Comparative adjectives compare two things (this classroom is bigger than that one). Superlative adjectives identify the most extreme…
Basic
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Nouns
Compound Nouns: Form, Stress, and Meaning
Compound nouns — words like blackboard, staff meeting, textbook, and classroom — are formed by combining two or…
Intermediate
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Relative Clauses
Concision: How to Say More with Fewer Words
Concision is not about writing less — it is about achieving the same meaning with fewer words, so…
Advanced
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Conditionals
Conditionals: Inversion, Wish, and Formal Patterns
Advanced conditional patterns appear constantly in formal writing, literature, business English, and academic texts — but are rarely…
Advanced
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Conditionals
Conditionals: Mixed Types and Alternative Conjunctions
Not all conditional sentences fit neatly into one of the standard types. Sometimes a past condition has a…
Intermediate
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Conditionals
Conditionals: Second — Unreal and Hypothetical Situations
The second conditional describes imaginary, unreal, or hypothetical situations in the present or future. It is used for…
Intermediate
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Conditionals
Conditionals: Third — Unreal Past, Regrets, and Hindsight
The third conditional describes imaginary situations in the past — things that did not happen, and imagines what…
Intermediate
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Conditionals
Conditionals: Zero and First — Real Situations
Conditionals are sentences with 'if'. They describe what happens, or what will happen, under certain conditions. Two of…
Basic
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Grammar
Conjunctions in Writing: Choosing, Varying, and Avoiding Common Traps
Knowing what conjunctions mean is necessary but not sufficient — students also need to know when to use…
Advanced
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Articles
Conjunctions of Cause and Result: Because, Since, So, Therefore
Cause and result are among the most frequent logical relationships in English — students use them to explain,…
Intermediate
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Relative Clauses
Conjunctions of Condition: If, Unless, Provided That, As Long As, Even If
Conditional conjunctions introduce clauses that set out a condition under which something will, would, or might happen. 'If'…
Advanced
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Grammar
Conjunctions of Contrast: Although, However, Despite, While, Whereas
Contrast is one of the most important logical relationships in both spoken and written English — we use…
Intermediate
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Grammar
Coordinating Conjunctions: And, But, Or, So, Yet, For, Nor
Coordinating conjunctions are the simplest and most frequently used conjunctions in English. They join two words, phrases, or…
Basic
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Relative Clauses
Correlative Conjunctions: Both…And, Either…Or, Neither…Nor
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs — both parts must appear in the sentence, and the grammatical structures they…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
The distinction between countable and uncountable nouns is one of the most practically important in English grammar —…
Basic
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Nouns
Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives: This, That, These, Those
This, that, these, and those are called demonstratives — they point to or indicate specific people, things, or…
Intermediate
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Grammar
Determiners in Formal Writing: Precision and Register
In formal and academic writing, determiner choice is not simply a matter of correctness — it is also…
Advanced
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Grammar
Double Negatives: Why Two Negatives Make a Positive
A double negative occurs when a sentence contains two negative signals that both refer to the same clause:…
Intermediate
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Articles
Each, Every, Either, Neither: Distributive Determiners
Each, every, either, and neither are distributive determiners — they refer to members of a group individually or…
Intermediate
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Grammar
Emphasis and Focus: How Grammar Makes Things Stand Out
Neutral word order in English conveys information without signalling that any particular part is especially important. But skilled…
Advanced
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Grammar
Enough, Too, Such, What: Degree Determiners and Exclamatory Forms
Enough, too, such, and what are four determiners with distinct and important uses. Enough signals sufficiency — there…
Intermediate
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Passive Voice
Formality and Register: How Grammar Changes with Context
Register is the variety of language we use for a particular situation. The grammar of a text message…
Intermediate
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Passive Voice
Forming the Passive: Present and Past Simple
The passive voice is not simply an alternative way of saying the same thing as the active —…
Basic
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Verbs
Future Continuous: Actions in Progress at a Future Moment
The future continuous — will be + verb-ing — is used to describe an action that will be…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Future Forms in Formal Writing, Conditionals, and Reported Speech
Future forms in English do not only appear in straightforward statements about what will happen. They also play…
Advanced
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Verbs
Future Perfect: Completed Before a Future Moment
The future perfect — will have + past participle — is used to look forward to a point…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Gerunds and Infinitives: Advanced Patterns and the Full System
This final lesson on gerunds and infinitives addresses the most subtle remaining patterns — the ones that catch…
Advanced
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Verbs
Gerunds and Infinitives: After Prepositions, As Subjects, and For Purpose
Beyond the verb + gerund / verb + infinitive patterns, there are three other situations where the choice…
Basic
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Verbs
Gerunds and Infinitives: Introduction — Which Form Goes Where?
When two verbs appear together in English, the second verb must take a specific form — either the…
Basic
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Verbs
Gerunds and Infinitives: Object Patterns, Adjectives, and Bare Infinitives
Some of the most common English structures involve a verb, then an object (a person), then an infinitive…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Gerunds and Infinitives: Verbs That Take Both — Same and Different Meanings
Some verbs accept both the gerund and the infinitive — with little or no change in meaning. Others…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Going To: Plans and Evidence-Based Predictions
Going to is one of the most natural and frequent ways to talk about the future in English.…
Basic
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Gradable and Non-Gradable Adjectives
Most adjectives in English can be intensified — you can say very tired, extremely busy, or a little…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Hardly, Barely, Scarcely: Near-Negative Adverbs
Some adverbs carry a near-negative meaning — they do not mean 'not', but they express something so small…
Advanced
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Modal Verbs
Hedging and Certainty: How Grammar Signals What We Know
Every time we speak or write, we signal how certain we are about what we are saying. 'It…
Intermediate
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Articles
Indefinite Pronouns: Someone, Anyone, Everyone, and Related Forms
Indefinite pronouns — someone, anyone, everyone, no one, something, anything, everything, nothing, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere — refer…
Intermediate
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Articles
Information Structure: Why Word Order Carries Meaning
English word order is not as fixed as students sometimes believe, and the choices speakers and writers make…
Advanced
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Intensifiers, Downtoners, and Degree
The words that modify adjectives for degree — intensifiers like very, extremely, and absolutely, and downtoners like fairly,…
Advanced
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Verbs
Modal Verbs: Can and Can't — Ability and Permission
Can is one of the most common words in English — and one of the most useful. It…
Basic
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Verbs
Modal Verbs: Deduction — The Probability Scale
One of the most sophisticated and natural uses of modal verbs is expressing how certain we are about…
Advanced
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Verbs
Modal Verbs: May, Might, and Could — Possibility and Uncertainty
English has three common ways to say that something is possible but not certain: may, might, and could.…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Modal Verbs: Must and Have To — Obligation and Necessity
Must and have to both express obligation — the idea that something is necessary or required. They are…
Basic
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Verbs
Modal Verbs: Past Modals — Should Have, Could Have, Would Have, Must Have
Past modals — should have, could have, would have, must have — are among the most expressive structures…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Modal Verbs: Should and Ought To — Advice and Recommendation
Should is one of the most useful and versatile modal verbs in English. It is softer than must…
Basic
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Verbs
Modal Verbs: Would and Will — Requests, Offers, and Past Habits
Will and would are two of the most frequent modal verbs in English — and also among the…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Much, Many, A Lot Of: Quantifying Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Much, many, and a lot of are all used to talk about large quantities, but they are not…
Basic
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Grammar
Negation in Context: Register, Softening, and Writing Quality
Knowing how to form a negative sentence correctly is necessary but not sufficient. At advanced level, the challenge…
Advanced
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Grammar
Negative Prefixes and Suffixes: Un-, In-, Dis-, Non-, -less
English has a rich system of negative prefixes and suffixes that allow single words to carry a negative…
Intermediate
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Questions
Negative Questions: Don't You? Isn't She? Didn't They?
Negative questions are questions that contain 'not' in the question form: 'Don't you know?', 'Isn't she coming?', 'Didn't…
Basic
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Articles
No, Another, Other, Others: Often-Confused Determiners
No, another, other, and others are four high-frequency determiners that are typically taught in isolation but benefit greatly…
Intermediate
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Nouns
No, None, Nothing, Nobody, Nowhere, Never
English has a group of words — no, none, nothing, nobody, nowhere, never — that carry negation within…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Nominalisation: Turning Verbs and Adjectives into Nouns
Nominalisation — the process of turning verbs and adjectives into nouns — is one of the defining features…
Advanced
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Nouns
Noun Phrases: Building Complex Noun Phrases
A noun phrase is more than just a noun — it is the full construction built around the…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Nouns in Formal Writing: Abstract Nouns, Noun Strings, and Precision
The most advanced aspect of noun grammar is not about forms or rules — it is about making…
Advanced
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Adjectives & Adverbs
Participial Adjectives: -ed and -ing
Participial adjectives — the -ed and -ing forms used as adjectives — are one of the most common…
Intermediate
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Passive Voice
Passive Across Tenses: Continuous, Perfect, and Future
Once you understand that all passives follow the same core pattern — the right form of be plus…
Basic
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Passive Voice
Passive Voice in Academic and Formal Writing: Precision, Objectivity, and Register
In academic and formal writing, the passive is not merely a grammatical option — it is a register…
Advanced
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Passive Voice
Passives with Reporting and Thinking Verbs
English has a distinctive way of reporting what people think, believe, know, or say — using a passive…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Past Continuous: Actions in Progress
The past continuous tense describes an action that was happening — in progress — at a particular moment…
Basic
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Verbs
Past Perfect: The Earlier Past
The past perfect tense is used to talk about something that happened earlier than another past event. When…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Past Tenses in Conditionals, Reported Speech, and Formal Writing
Past tenses do not only describe past events. They also appear in conditional sentences, reported speech, and formal…
Advanced
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Verbs
Past Tenses in Narrative: Using All Four Tenses Together
Real English — in stories, reports, and conversations — uses different past tenses at the same time, often…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Personal Pronouns: Subject and Object
Personal pronouns are among the first grammar points learners encounter in English — yet errors with them persist…
Basic
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Nouns
Possessive Nouns: Apostrophe -s and s- Apostrophe
The apostrophe is one of the most consistently misused punctuation marks in English, and errors with possessive nouns…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives
English has two sets of possessive words that learners frequently confuse. Possessive adjectives — my, your, his, her,…
Basic
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Prepositions
Prepositional Phrases and Fixed Expressions
Many of the most important prepositional expressions in English cannot be predicted from the meaning of the preposition…
Intermediate
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Prepositions
Prepositions After Verbs and Adjectives: Key Collocations
Many verbs and adjectives in English require a specific preposition when followed by a noun or -ing form…
Intermediate
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Prepositions
Prepositions in Formal Writing: Precision and Register
In formal written English, preposition choice is one of the clearest markers of register. Certain prepositions are preferred…
Advanced
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Prepositions
Prepositions of Movement and Direction: To, Into, Onto, Through, Across, Along, Towards
Prepositions of movement describe how someone or something travels — where they go, what they pass through, and…
Basic
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Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of place are among the first things English students learn — and among the last things they…
Basic
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Prepositions
Prepositions of Time: At, On, In
At, on, and in are the three most fundamental prepositions of time in English. They follow a clear…
Basic
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Prepositions
Prepositions of Time: During, For, Since, By, Until, Within
The time prepositions covered in this lesson — during, for, since, by, until, and within — are frequently…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Present Continuous: Now and Temporary Situations
The present continuous tense describes what is happening at this exact moment, or what is true for a…
Basic
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Verbs
Present Perfect Continuous: How Long and How Recently
The present perfect continuous — formed with have or has been plus the -ing form — is used…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Present Perfect vs Simple Past: Has It Finished or Does It Still Matter?
The present perfect and the simple past are perhaps the most commonly confused tenses in English grammar teaching.…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Present Perfect: Experience and Current Relevance
The present perfect is one of the most useful and most misunderstood tenses in English. It is formed…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Present Simple vs. Present Continuous
These are two of the most common tenses in English — and two of the most commonly confused.…
Basic
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Verbs
Present Simple: Facts, Habits, and Routines
The present simple is one of the first tenses learners encounter, but it is not as simple as…
Basic
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Verbs
Present Tenses for the Future: Continuous and Simple
English does not have a single future tense — it uses several different forms to talk about the…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Present Tenses in Academic and Formal Writing
Present tenses in academic and formal writing do not always behave in the way learners expect. The present…
Advanced
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Nouns
Pronoun Agreement and Reference
A pronoun needs to agree with the noun it refers to — its antecedent — in number and,…
Intermediate
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Nouns
Pronouns in Formal Writing: Precision, Inclusivity, and Register
In formal writing, pronoun choices carry significant weight. A vague pronoun reference, an inappropriate personal pronoun, or a…
Advanced
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Punctuation
Punctuation: Capitalisation — What Gets a Capital and What Doesn't
Capitalisation is one of the first writing conventions students encounter — and one of the last they fully…
Basic
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Punctuation
Punctuation: Dash, Hyphen, Parentheses, Ellipsis, and Square Brackets
This final lesson covers five punctuation marks that are less frequent than commas and full stops but essential…
Advanced
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Punctuation
Punctuation: Full Stop, Question Mark, and Exclamation Mark
Every sentence in English ends with a mark. The choice of mark — full stop, question mark, or…
Basic
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Punctuation
Punctuation: Hyphens, Dashes, and Brackets
Most teachers and writers know that there is a mark called a 'dash' — but fewer know that…
Advanced
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Punctuation
Punctuation: Inverted Commas and Direct Speech
Inverted commas (also called speech marks or quotation marks) do several different jobs in English writing. Their most…
Intermediate
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Punctuation
Punctuation: The Apostrophe — Contraction and Possession
The apostrophe does two completely separate jobs: it signals that letters have been left out (contraction), and it…
Basic
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Punctuation
Punctuation: The Comma — Advanced Uses
The most fundamental comma uses — lists, introductory phrases, and coordinating conjunctions — were covered in Lesson 2.…
Intermediate
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Punctuation
Punctuation: The Comma — Lists, Introductions, and Conjunctions
The comma is the most used and most misused punctuation mark in English. It appears in many different…
Basic
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Questions
Questions: Indirect Questions — Could You Tell Me Where...?
Indirect questions are a more polite and formal way to ask for information. Instead of asking directly ('Where…
Intermediate
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Questions
Questions: Negative Questions, Echo Questions, and Questions in Real Communication
This final session on questions moves beyond form into function — how questions work in real communication. Three…
Advanced
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Questions
Questions: Subject Questions — When There Is No Inversion
There is one important situation in English where questions do NOT use inversion — where the word order…
Intermediate
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Questions
Questions: Tag Questions — It's Cold, Isn't It?
Tag questions are the short question phrases added to the end of statements — 'It's hot today, isn't…
Intermediate
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Questions
Questions: Wh- Questions — What, Where, When, Who, Why, How
Wh- questions ask for specific information — not just yes or no, but who, what, where, when, why,…
Basic
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Questions
Questions: Yes/No Questions — Be and Do/Does/Did
Forming questions in English requires a structural change that does not exist in many languages — moving the…
Basic
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Nouns
Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns — myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves — are used in two main situations:…
Basic
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Nouns
Relative Pronouns: Who, Which, and That
Relative pronouns — who, which, and that — are used to introduce relative clauses: parts of a sentence…
Intermediate
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Reported Speech
Reported Questions and Commands: She Asked If, He Told Her To
Reporting questions and commands introduces two new challenges beyond the statement backshift covered in Lesson 1. For questions,…
Intermediate
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Reported Speech
Reported Speech: Reporting Statements
Reported speech — also called indirect speech — is how we tell someone else what another person said,…
Basic
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Reported Speech
Reporting Verbs and When Not to Backshift
The first two lessons in this series established the core backshift system and the structures for reporting questions…
Advanced
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Word Order
Sentence Structure: Cohesion and Coherence — How Sentences Work Together
A text is not just a collection of sentences — it is a network of connected ideas. Cohesion…
Advanced
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Word Order
Sentence Structure: Complex Sentences — Because, Although, When, and More
A complex sentence contains one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause adds information…
Basic
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Word Order
Sentence Structure: Noun Clauses — That, What, Whether, and Wh- Words
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that functions as a noun — it can be the subject…
Intermediate
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Word Order
Sentence Structure: Relative Clauses — Who, Which, That, and Whose
A relative clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun — it gives additional information about a…
Intermediate
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Word Order
Sentence Structure: Simple and Compound Sentences
Every piece of English writing is built from sentences. Understanding what a sentence is — and how sentences…
Basic
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Word Order
Sentence Structure: Variety, Emphasis, and Effect
Grammatically correct writing is not the same as effective writing. A text made entirely of simple sentences feels…
Intermediate
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Verbs
Simple Past vs Past Continuous: Choosing the Right Tense
The simple past and the past continuous are both used to talk about the past, but they give…
Basic
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Verbs
Simple Past: Regular and Irregular Verbs
The simple past tense is one of the most important and most used tenses in English. We use…
Basic
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Nouns
Singular and Plural: Regular and Irregular Forms
Forming the plural of a noun sounds simple — just add -s — but the full picture is…
Basic
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Verbs
Stative Verbs: Why Some Verbs Resist the Continuous
In English, some verbs describe states — how things are — rather than actions — what is happening.…
Intermediate
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Grammar
Subordinating Conjunctions: Because, Although, When, If, Unless
Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses — clauses that cannot stand alone as complete sentences. Words like 'because', 'although',…
Basic
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Questions
Tag Questions: She Works Hard, Doesn't She?
A tag question is a short question added to the end of a statement to check information, seek…
Basic
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Passive Voice
The Get-Passive: Get + Past Participle
English has two passive constructions: the be-passive (the window was broken) which is formal and neutral, and the…
Intermediate
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Adjectives & Adverbs
What Are Adjectives? Form, Position, and Basic Use
Adjectives are one of the most familiar word classes — every language has ways of describing things —…
Basic
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Nouns
What Are Nouns? Types, Function, and Basic Use
Nouns are the words we use to name things — people, places, objects, ideas, qualities, and events. They…
Basic
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Verbs
What Is an Adverb? Manner and Frequency Adverbs
Adverbs are words that give extra information about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Two of the most common…
Basic
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Verbs
Where Does the Adverb Go? Adverb Position in Sentences
One of the most persistent sources of error in learner English is not which adverb to use but…
Basic
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Verbs
Will vs Going To: Choosing the Right Future Form
Will and going to are the two most common future forms in English, and they are among the…
Basic
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Verbs
Will: Decisions, Predictions, and Promises
Will is the most widely taught future form in English, but many learners — and some teachers —…
Basic
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